Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

O. Hryshyn, V. Shymkovych, D. Grela. Controlled evaluation of document-level inter-mention links for named-entity type classification in Ukrainian texts. Applied Sciences-Basel, 2026, vol. 16, nr 2010121, s. 1–35.

Document-level links between repeated mentions can provide contextual evidence unavailable to a local entity-type classifier, a potentially important capability for Ukrainian because of its limited annotated resources and rich inflectional morphology. However, their specific contribution is difficult to isolate because graph-based systems often simultaneously alter the classifier architecture. We evaluate named-entity type classification with known mention boundaries on NER-UK 2.0 under controlled conditions, using frozen XLM-RoBERTa-base representations, 10 optimization seeds, and 270 graph-head training runs. The evaluation design combines a no-message baseline with matched head parameterization, degree-preserving topology shuffling, simple averaging, oracle diagnostics, and controlled context-weakening interventions; no novel graph architecture is claimed. On intervention-free data, the exact-repeat graph changed macro-F1 by +0.0041 (95% CI [−0.0042,0.0127]); thus, an overall benefit was not established, although the interval did not rule out a practically meaningful effect. A Ukrainian token-level lemmatization rule increased graph coverage from 34.41% to 42.07% but did not improve performance over exact repetition (Δ=−0.0033, 95% CI [−0.0135,0.0055]). When only the target mention’s context was artificially weakened, with no explicit degradation cue, graph refinement increased target accuracy by 0.0784 (95% CI [0.0544,0.1021]). The advantage reversed when the entire repeat component was weakened, while simple averaging performed at least as well as the learned graph head. Overall, the results support graph-based refinement as a conditional context-recovery mechanism rather than a universal replacement for local classification. The evidence remains controlled but not independently confirmatory and does not establish gains for end-to-end NER or robustness to naturally degraded context.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

A. Grela, C. Ziejewska, D. Grela. Sustainable low-temperature metakaolin-based reactive materials for phosphate removal from agricultural drainage water. Sustainability, 2026, vol. 18, nr 147304, s. 1–29.

Phosphate concentrations in agricultural drainage water frequently exceed those observed in municipal wastewater and, when discharged directly into river systems, pose a significant risk to their ecological status and potential. Developing cost-effective and scalable solutions for phosphate interception at the source is therefore essential for achieving the water quality goals outlined in environmental sustainability frameworks. This study evaluated the phosphate removal capacity of calcium hydroxide-modified metakaolin-based reactive materials as a sustainable approach to limiting agricultural nutrient loads entering river ecosystems. Two synthesis methods were compared: a fusion method and a low-temperature method. The resulting materials—metakaolin (M), low-temperature synthesized metakaolin (MLT), and Ca(OH)2-modified low-temperature metakaolin (CaMLT)—were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), textural property analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phosphate removal performance was evaluated in batch experiments under varying reactive material dosages (2.5–10.0 g·L−1), initial phosphate concentrations (1.0–7.0 mg·L−1), and contact times (1–144 h). The CaMLT material achieved the highest phosphate removal efficiency of 56% at a phosphate concentration of 1.0 mg·L−1, a dose of 10.0 g·L−1, and a contact time of 144 h. At higher phosphate concentrations (3.0 and 7.0 mg·L−1), removal efficiencies decreased to 23% and 21%, respectively, under the same experimental conditions. The results were benchmarked against data reported in the literature. The findings indicate that low-temperature synthesized metakaolin modified with calcium hydroxide demonstrates potential as a reactive material for phosphate capture in agricultural drainage systems, offering a promising pathway toward more sustainable water resource management and freshwater ecosystem protection.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

V. Nikitin, A. Nesteruk, Y. Albrekht, Ł. Ścisło, D. Grela, P. Król. Distinguishing a drone from birds based on trajectory movement and deep learning. Sensors, 2026, vol. 26, nr 3755, s. 1–36.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) increasingly share low-altitude airspace with birds, making early distinguishing between drones and biological targets critical for safety and security. This work addresses long-range scenarios where objects occupy only a few pixels and appearance-based recognition becomes unreliable. We develop a model-driven simulation pipeline that generates synthetic data with a controlled camera model, atmospheric background and realistic motion of three aerial target types: multicopter, fixed-wing UAV and bird. From these sequences, each track is encoded as a time series of image-plane coordinates and apparent size, and a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) network is trained to classify trajectories as drone-like or bird-like. The model learns characteristic differences in smoothness, turning behavior and velocity fluctuations, and to achieve reliable separation between drone and bird motion patterns on synthetic test data. Motion-trajectory cues alone can support early distinguishing of drones from birds when visual details are scarce, providing a complementary signal to conventional image-based detection. The proposed synthetic data and sequence classification pipeline forms a reproducible testbed that can be extended with real trajectories from radar or video tracking systems and used to prototype and benchmark trajectory-based recognizers for integrated surveillance solutions. The proposed method is designed to generalize naturally to real surveillance systems, as it relies on trajectory-level motion patterns rather than appearance-based features that are sensitive to sensor quality, illumination, or weather conditions.

Publikacja konferencyjna / materiał w materiałach konferencyjnych

I. Godyń, A. Grela, D. Grela, K. Łach, D. Malina, J. Pamuła. Diatomite as a filtration material for the removal of nutrients from stormwater. W: EUIndTech2025 : Industrial technologies and materials for sustainable Europe : 9th edition of the conference “Innovative ideas of young scientists: Science – Start-up – Industry” : book of abstracts. Kraków, Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2025, s. 46–46.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

A. Grela, J. Pamuła, K. Łach, I. Godyń, D. Malina, D. Grela. Activated carbon and diatomite as filtration materials for nutrient removal from stormwater. Materials, 2025, vol. 18, nr 204742, s. 1–22.

Activated carbon used as one of the layers of a rain garden may be a promising solution for removing nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) from stormwater runoff. Progressive urbanization degrades the quality of stormwater that reaches water collectors. Rain gardens are a potential solution—nature-based systems that retain, infiltrate, and purify stormwater. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a model rain garden in the form of retention columns, depending on the composition of the filling material and the conditions of the simulation. The base column was filled with sand, gravel, and dolomite. The next two columns were enriched with diatomite, in a weight ratio to sand of 1:4 and 1:2, respectively. The experiment was based on four scenarios: (1) 30 min of heavy rain, (2) 2 h of rain after a drought, (3) during standard operation, and (4) with modification of the filtration material. This modification consisted of a uniform addition of granular activated carbon (GAC), which was intended to influence the column performance. The characteristics of the activated carbon were determined using XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET analysis. Pollutant concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometer and ion-selective electrodes. The analyses confirm the significant impact of the column filling materials on the efficiency of nutrient removal from stormwater, achieving even complete removal of phosphate ions, while nitrate ions were removed at a level of almost 40% and ammonium ions at >90%.

Publikacja konferencyjna / materiał w materiałach konferencyjnych

W. Wiecheć, M.J. Jankowski, D. Grela. Review of continuous water quality monitoring possibilities in rain gardens. W: EUIndTech2025 : Industrial technologies and materials for sustainable Europe : 9th edition of the conference “Innovative ideas of young scientists: Science – Start-up – Industry” : book of abstracts. Kraków, Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2025, s. 25–25.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

A. Grela, K. Baran-Gurgul, J. Pamuła, I.E. Godyń, P. Biały, D. Grela, M. Oramus. Analiza doświadczeń z pilotażowego monitoringu partycypacyjnego na Wiśle w Krakowie. Gospodarka Wodna, 2024, vol. 84, nr 12 (912), s. 22–28.

Monitoring ciągły w Polsce od kilku lat realizowany jest w 35 przekrojach na Odrze (od 2023 r.) oraz 3 przekrojach na Wiśle (od 2024 r.). T-Mobile Polska, we współpracy ze stowarzyszeniem Lepszy Kraków i firmą cortineq, przeprowadziła pomiary jakości wody przy stopniu wodnym Dąbie na Wiśle w Krakowie, wykorzystując specjalistyczną boję pomiarową. Monitoring objął w sposób ciągły śledzenie pięciu wskaźników jakości wody. Analiza wyników pomiarów uwzględnia zmienność obserwowanych wskaźników oraz badanie zależności między nimi.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

A. Grela, M. Łach, J. Pamuła, K.M. Łach, I.E. Godyń, D. Malina, Z. Wzorek, K. Setlak, D. Grela. Effect of diatomite application on the removal of biogenic pollutants in rain gardens. Materials, 2024, vol. 17, nr 246279, s. 1–26.

Due to its structure and properties, diatomite from a deposit in Jawornik Ruski (Subcarpathian Voivodeship) can be used as a sorbent in rain gardens. The purpose of the current research is to analyze how enriching the substrate used in a rain garden with diatomite can affect the removal of biogenic pollutants. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions using retention columns, two experimental columns with different contents of diatomite, and a control column without the addition of diatomite. Analyses of the materials used included studies of the characteristics of the rain garden layers (water permeability and granulometric analysis) and characterization of the diatomite (SEM images, oxide and phase composition, leachability, and BET). The effects of diatomite on pollutant removal were studied for NH4+, PO43−, NO3−. The results showed approximately 3-fold higher reductions in the concentration of NH4+ and PO43− in the columns with the addition of diatomite than in the control one (reduction in the concentration of NH4+ by 93 and 94% and of PO43− by 94 and 98% with the addition of 20 and 30% diatomite contents, respectively). The study results confirmed the possibility of removing contaminants using diatomite, thus reducing their entry into the aquatic environment.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

K. Kiełkowicz, D. Grela. FLC control for tuning exploration phase in bio-inspired metaheuristic. Annales UMCS Informatica, Sectio AI, 2016, vol. 16, nr 2, s. 32–38.

Growing popularity of the Bat Algorithm has encouraged researchers to focus their work on its further improvements. Most work has been done within the area of hybridization of Bat Algorithm with other metaheuristics or local search methods. Unfortunately, most of these modifications not only improves the quality of obtained solutions, but also increases the number of control parameters that are needed to be set in order to obtain solutions of expected quality. This makes such solutions quite impractical. What more, there is no clear indication what these parameters do in term of a search process. In this paper authors are trying to incorporate Mamdani type Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) to tackle some of these mentioned shortcomings by using the FLC to control the exploration phase of a bio-inspired metaheuristic. FLC also allows us to incorporate expert knowledge about the problem at hand and define expected behaviors of system – here process of searching in multidimensional search space by modeling the process of bats hunting for their prey.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

K. Kiełkowicz, D. Grela. Modified Bat Algorithm for nonlinear optimization. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 2016, vol. 16, nr 10, s. 46–50.

Bat Algorithm is recently proposed bio-inspired metaheuristics method for solving hard optimization tasks. It mimics behavior of bats hunting for their prey. The paper introduces some modification to Bat Algorithm. Presented modification changes exploration process as well as introduce different scheme of acceptance of a newly founded solutions. Effects of introduced modifications are tested on standard benchmark functions. The influence of a number of bats used in optimization process is also taken into account.

Publikacja konferencyjna / materiał w materiałach konferencyjnych

D. Grela, K. Sapiecha, J. Strug. A fault injection based approach to assessment of quality of test sets for BPEL processes. W: Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering : 8th International Conference, ENASE 2013, Angers, France, July 4-6, 2013 : revised selected papers. Berlin, Springer, 2013, s. 81–93.

Mutation testing is an effective technique for assessing a quality of test sets for software systems, but it suffers from high computational costs of generating and executing a large number of mutants. In the domain of BPEL processes each mutant needs to be deployed before it can be executed, thus the cost of processing mutants increases further. In contrast to mutation testing, fault injection is able to inject faults directly into the original process what reduces the redeployment requirement. The paper presents an experiment of the application of software fault injection to assess quality of test sets for BPEL processes. Faults are introduced by a Software Fault Injector for BPEL Processes (SFIBP). SFIBP simulates effects of the faults by modifying invocations of web-services and their internal variables. The experiment proved high superiority of the application of the SFIBP over the mutation testing, especially in the case of time requirements.

Publikacja konferencyjna / materiał w materiałach konferencyjnych

D. Grela, K. Sapiecha, J. Strug. An application of software fault injection for assessment of quality of test sets for business processes orchestrating web-services. W: ENASE 2013 : proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering, Angers, France, 4-6 July, 2013. [Angers], SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2013, s. 56–62.

The paper presents an experimentof the application of software fault injection to assess quality of test sets for business processes orchestrating web-services. The mutation testing, usually usedto this end, suffers from high computational costs of generating and running mutants. In contrast to mutation testing, faults injection can be performed at a run-time. Run-time changes are introduced by a Software Fault Injector for BPEL Processes (SFIBP). SFIBP is implemented as a special service that manipulates invocations of webservices and values of their internal variables. Asfor time requirements, the experiment proved high superiority of the application of the SFIBP over the mutation testing.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

D. Grela, K. Sapiecha, J. Strug. How validation can help in testing business processes orchestrating web services. Annales UMCS Informatica, Sectio AI, 2013, vol. 13, nr 1Article 03, s. 23–35.

Validation and testing are important in developing correct and fault free SOA-based systems. BPEL is a high level language that makes it possible to implement business processes as an orchestration of web services. In general, the testing requires much more test scenarios than the validation. However, in the case of BPEL processes, which have very simple and well structured implementation, test scenarios limited to the validation may also be efficient. The paper describes an experiment that aims at answering a question whether or not the validation test scenarios are also adequate for testing an implementation of BPEL processes. The experiment employs a Software Fault Injector for BPEL Processes that is able to inject faults when the test scenarios are running. The results of the experiment seem very promising. Hence, it seems that validation tests might give a strong support for testing.

Publikacja konferencyjna / materiał w materiałach konferencyjnych

K. Sapiecha, D. Grela. Automating test case generation for requirements specification for processes orchestrating web services. W: ICEIS 2008 : Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Barcelona, Spain, June 12-16, 2008. Vol. ISAS-1. Barcelona, INSTICC - Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication, 2008, s. 381–384.

The research concerns generation of test cases for processes defined in BPEL. In the paper it is showed that under some assumptions BPEL process may be considered as an embedded system in which tasks are like services and communication between tasks is like coordination of the services according to task graph of the system. Following this analogy a new method for automating test case generation for requirements specification for processes defined in BPEL is given. An example illustrating the method is presented.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

K. Sapiecha, D. Grela. Wyznaczanie scenariuszy testowych dla pewnej klasy procesów definiowanych za pomocą języka BPEL. Technical Transactions. Computer Science and Information Systems = Czasopismo Techniczne. Informatyka, 2008, nr 1-I, s. 53–71.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest adaptacja metody ścieżki krytycznej do procesów definiowanych w języku BPEL. W artykule pokazano, że po spełnieniu kilku założeń proces BPELa może być postrzegany jako system zamknięty, w którym komunikacja pomiędzy zadaniami odbywa się za pomocą i przy udziale koordynatora (aranżera) działającego zgodnie z grafem zadań systemu, a zadania odpowiadają funkcjom koordynatora.

Artykuł w czasopiśmie naukowym

K. Sapiecha, D. Grela. Test scenarios generation for a class of processes defined in the BPEL language. Annales UMCS Informatica, Sectio AI, 2008, vol. 8, nr 2Article 05, s. 75–87.

The main purpose of this research is an adaptation of critical paths method to processes defined in BPEL. Critical path method is specification based and simulation oriented method. In the paper it is showed that under some assumptions BPEL process may be considered as an embedded system, in which tasks are like services and communication between tasks is like coordination of the services according to task graph of the system. An example is given where a set of test scenarios is presented.